http://www.loa-cnr.it/ontologies/DOLCE-Lite#perdurant
Perdurants (AKA occurrences) comprise what are variously called events, processes, phenomena, activities and states. They can have temporal parts or spatial parts. For instance, the first movement of (an execution of) a symphony is a temporal part of the symphony. On the other hand, the play performed by the left side of the orchestra is a spatial part. In both cases, these parts are occurrences themselves. We assume that objects cannot be parts of occurrences, but rather they participate in them. Perdurants extend in time by accumulating different temporal parts, so that, at any time they are present, they are only partially present, in the sense that some of their proper temporal parts (e.g., their previous or future phases) may be not present. E.g., the piece of paper you are reading now is wholly present, while some temporal parts of your reading are not present yet, or any more. Philosophers say that endurants are entities that are in time, while lacking temporal parts (so to speak, all their parts flow with them in time). Perdurants, on the contrary, are entities that happen in time, and can have temporal parts (all their parts are fixed in time).
Instances of dol:perdurant can have the following properties:
| PROPERTY | TYPE | DESCRIPTION | RANGE |
|---|---|---|---|
| From class dol:perdurant | |||
| dol:life-of | owl:InverseFunctionalProperty | dol:endurant | |
| dol:constant-participant | owl:ObjectProperty | Anytime x is present, x has participant y. In other words, all parts of x have a same participant.Participation can be constant (in all parts of the perdurant, e.g. in 'the car is running'), or temporary (in only some parts, e.g. in 'I'm electing the president'). | dol:endurant |
| dol:participant | owl:ObjectProperty | The immediate relation holding between endurants and perdurants (e.g. in 'the car is running').Participation can be constant (in all parts of the perdurant, e.g. in 'the car is running'), or temporary (in only some parts, e.g. in 'I'm electing the president').A 'functional' participant is specialized for those forms of participation that depend on the nature of participants, processes, or on the intentionality of agentive participants. Traditional 'thematic role' should be mapped to functional participation.For relations holding between participants in a same perdurant, see the co-participates relation. | dol:endurant |
| dol:temporary-participant | owl:ObjectProperty | Only some parts of the perdurant p have a participant e.In fact, participation can be constant (in all parts of the perdurant, e.g. in 'the car is running'), or temporary (in only some parts, e.g. in 'I'm electing the president').Implicitly, this relation has a temporal indexing.If needed, in OWL one can derive such indexing by expliciting what parts of p have e as _constant_ participant.An appropriate OWL axiom is created to bind this relation to a proper part of it, which has the temporary-participant as a constant one. | dol:endurant |
| dol:total-constant-participant | owl:ObjectProperty | The perdurant p has a participant e that constantly participates in p with all its parts, e.g. in 'I played the concert' (where the concert is a solo concert). | dol:endurant |
| dol:total-temporary-participant | owl:ObjectProperty | The perdurant p has a participant e that temporarily participates in p with all its parts, e.g. in 'I played the concert' (where I actually played just an ouverture).See also 'temporary-participant'. | dol:endurant |
@prefix dol: <http://www.loa-cnr.it/ontologies/DOLCE-Lite#> .
@prefix owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> .
@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
@prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .
dol:perdurant a owl:Class ;
rdfs:comment "Perdurants (AKA occurrences) comprise what are variously called events, processes, phenomena, activities and states. They can have temporal parts or spatial parts. For instance, the first movement of (an execution of) a symphony is a temporal part of the symphony. On the other hand, the play performed by the left side of the orchestra is a spatial part. In both cases, these parts are occurrences themselves. We assume that objects cannot be parts of occurrences, but rather they participate in them. Perdurants extend in time by accumulating different temporal parts, so that, at any time they are present, they are only partially present, in the sense that some of their proper temporal parts (e.g., their previous or future phases) may be not present. E.g., the piece of paper you are reading now is wholly present, while some temporal parts of your reading are not present yet, or any more. Philosophers say that endurants are entities that are in time, while lacking temporal parts (so to speak, all their parts flow with them in time). Perdurants, on the contrary, are entities that happen in time, and can have temporal parts (all their parts are fixed in time)."^^xsd:string ;
rdfs:subClassOf [ a owl:Restriction ;
owl:onProperty dol:participant ;
owl:someValuesFrom dol:endurant ],
[ a owl:Restriction ;
owl:onProperty dol:has-quality ;
owl:someValuesFrom dol:temporal-location_q ],
[ a owl:Restriction ;
owl:allValuesFrom dol:temporal-quality ;
owl:onProperty dol:has-quality ],
[ a owl:Restriction ;
owl:allValuesFrom dol:perdurant ;
owl:onProperty dol:specific-constant-constituent ],
[ a owl:Restriction ;
owl:allValuesFrom dol:perdurant ;
owl:onProperty dol:part ],
dol:spatio-temporal-particular ;
owl:disjointWith dol:quality .