http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/PerfectTense
A value of Tense Feature assigned to the designated element in the clause when the meaning selected for the clause is that intended to locate the event spoken about as anterior, simultaneous, or posterior to the deictic centre of the utterance, and additionally the reference point from which this event is viewed is separated and moved away from the event time. This alters the viewing of the temporal location of the event even though the event's actual location with respect to the deictic centre remains the same. 'Perfect' temporal relations contrast with 'simple' temporal relations in which the reference point coincides with the location of the event spoken about. Modelling of this distinction originates from [Reichenbach 1947].
There are two types of 'perfect' context which may lead to separate tense values:
(1) The first type occurs when the reference point is moved away from the event time and instead located after the event time. A common example occurs with an anterior temporal relationship, when the reference point is moved from the event time to the moment of speech. The event time is anterior to the moment of speech, but it is viewed against a stretch of time which began at the event and continues up to the moment of speech --- e.g. the English I have read this book, I have seen John --- hence the interpretation that the event has an effect or is in some way still relevant at the moment of speech. [Note that in some languages (e.g. English) this tense meaning is labelled as (one of the uses of the) Present Perfect, in others (e.g. Polish) this meaning may be collapsed with the 'simple' anterior meaning and labelled simply as Past.] The interpretation of this type of the perfect often includes at least two related but distinguishable uses: the resultative perfect (Someone has stolen my purse) and the experiential perfect (I have read this book before) [Dahl and Velupillai 2005: 271].
(2) The second type occurs when the reference point is moved away from the event time and instead located before the event time. A common example occurs with a simultaneous temporal relationship, when the reference point is moved from the event time and located before the moment of speech. The event time is still simultaneous with the moment of speech, but it is viewed against a stretch of time which began at the reference point and continues up to the moment of speech --- e.g. the English I have lived here [for ten years] --- hence the interpretation that the event which began in the past extends up to the moment of speech. [Note that in some languages (e.g. English) this tense meaning is labelled as (one of the uses of the) Present Perfect, in others (e.g. Polish) this meaning may be collapsed with the 'simple' simultaneous meaning and labelled simply as Present.] The interpretation of this type of the perfect is often referred to as the universal perfect or perfect of persistent situation.
Typically, for a tense value to be labelled as Perfect Tense, the tense meaning has to minimally express the meaning resulting from the separation of the reference point from the event time, although it may additionally express other temporal, aspectual, or modal meanings. [Kibort 2008c: 5-6]
Instances of gold:PerfectTense can have the following properties:
PROPERTY | TYPE | DESCRIPTION | RANGE |
---|---|---|---|
From class owl:Thing | |||
bibliography:hasCitation | owl:ObjectProperty | owl:Thing | |
bibliography:hasEntry | owl:ObjectProperty | owl:Thing | |
bibliography:hasPageInformation | owl:DatatypeProperty | owl:Thing | |
gold:abbreviation | owl:DatatypeProperty | The abbreviated form representing a scientific term, e.g., ACC, 2, CL. | owl:Thing |
gold:adjunct | owl:ObjectProperty | owl:Thing | |
gold:agent | owl:ObjectProperty | owl:Thing | |
gold:agrees | owl:ObjectProperty | A relation holding between syntactic units, often manifesting itself in shared form features. NOTE: this could be better defined once syntactic roles and relations are developed. | owl:Thing |
gold:allomorph | owl:ObjectProperty | The relation that holds between a morpheme and one of its morphs, an occurrence of a morpheme in context. | owl:Thing |
gold:allophone | owl:ObjectProperty | The relation that holds between a phoneme and one of its phones, an occurrence of a phoneme in context. | owl:Thing |
gold:antonym | owl:ObjectProperty | antonym | owl:Thing |
gold:argument | owl:ObjectProperty | The syntactic entity about which something is predicated. | gold:Clause |
gold:circumscribes | owl:ObjectProperty | NOTE: still lacks development. This relation holds between two form units and represents the notion of circumscription in a morphosyntactic system. That is, (circumscribes A B) means that part of A comes before B and part of A comes after B, in the linearization of the units of a language. | owl:Thing |
gold:coda | owl:ObjectProperty | The closing segment of a syllable. | owl:Thing |
gold:complement | owl:ObjectProperty | owl:Thing | |
gold:directObject | owl:ObjectProperty | A direct object is a grammatical relation that exhibits a combination of certain independent syntactic properties, such as the following: the usual grammatical characteristics of the patient of typically transitive verbs; particular case marking; a particular clause position; the conditioning of an agreement affix on the verb; the capability of becoming the clause subject in passivization; the capability of reflexivization. The identification of the direct object relation may be further confirmed by finding significant overlap with similar direct object relations previously established in other languages. This may be done by analyzing correspondence between translation equivalents [Crystal 1985, 94; Hartmann and Stork 1972, 155; Comrie 1989, 66; Andrews 1985, 68,120,126; Comrie 1985, 337]. | owl:Thing |
gold:entailedBy | owl:ObjectProperty | owl:Thing | |
gold:entails | owl:ObjectProperty | owl:Thing | |
gold:feature | owl:ObjectProperty | The relation between a linguistic unit and a linguistic feature. A feature inheres in its host. NOTE: this relation is distinct from the hasFeature which pertains to data structures. | gold:LinguisticProperty |
gold:follows | owl:ObjectProperty | This relation holds between two linguistic units and represents the inverse of 'precedes'. That is, (follows A B) means that A comes after B in the linearization of the realization of linguistic signs. The inverse of this relation is 'precedes'. | owl:Thing |
gold:freeTranslation | owl:ObjectProperty | The relation between an orthographic expression in one language and some orthographic expression in another such that both expressions have exactly the same meaning. The words in the translation may not correspond to the those in the source expression. | owl:Thing |
gold:goal | owl:ObjectProperty | owl:Thing | |
gold:hasExample | owl:DatatypeProperty | owl:Thing | |
gold:hasGlosses | owl:ObjectProperty | The binary relation holding between an instance of interlinear glossed text (IGT) and a sequence of labels or 'grams' used to describe the morphemes of the IGT. | owl:Thing |
gold:hasSourceLine | owl:ObjectProperty | The binary relation holding between an instance of interlinear glossed text and a linguistic unit (clause, phrase, etc.) from the source language. | owl:Thing |
gold:hasTranslationLine | owl:ObjectProperty | The binary relation holding between an instance of interlinear glossed text and a linguistic unit (clause, phrase, etc.) acting as a free translation of the source text from the IGT instance. | owl:Thing |
gold:head | owl:ObjectProperty | gold:Phrase | |
gold:hypernym | owl:ObjectProperty | hypernym | owl:Thing |
gold:indirectObject | owl:ObjectProperty | owl:Thing | |
gold:infixedIn | owl:ObjectProperty | infixedIn is the relation between a Lexical- or SublexicalUnit and a Root. The Root is realized as discontinuous, surrounding the inserted Lexical- or SublexicalUnit [Hartmann and Stork 1972, 111]. | owl:Thing |
gold:labels | owl:ObjectProperty | This relation names or simply associates some SymbolicString with any Entity. | owl:Thing |
gold:lexicalRelation | owl:ObjectProperty | This is the superclass of common lexical relatations such as synonym, antonym, etc. NOTE: this needs work. Such relations really pertain to meaning and not form units. | owl:Thing |
gold:literalTranslation | owl:ObjectProperty | The relation between an orthographic expression in one language and some orthographic expression in another such that the translation is done on a word by word, or morpheme by morpheme, basis without regard for idiomatic usage. | owl:Thing |
gold:meronym | owl:ObjectProperty | meronym | owl:Thing |
gold:nucleus | owl:ObjectProperty | The central segment of a syllable. | owl:Thing |
gold:object | owl:ObjectProperty | An object, traditionally defined, is either a direct object or an indirect object.An object, in some usages, is any grammatical relation other than subject [Crystal 1985, 211; Hartmann and Stork 1972, 155-156; Comrie 1989, 66]. | owl:Thing |
gold:onset | owl:ObjectProperty | The initial segment of a syllable. | owl:Thing |
gold:orthographicRep | owl:DatatypeProperty | owl:Thing | |
gold:patient | owl:ObjectProperty | A semantic role, often unmarked, that typically does not act with volition, instigate an event, receive something, or experience a sensory impression. A prototypical patient undergoes a physical, visible change in state. Often the subject of a intransitive verb or the logical complement of a transitive verb. [Payne 1997: 50-51; Pei | owl:Thing |
gold:phonemicRep | owl:DatatypeProperty | owl:Thing | |
gold:phoneticRep | owl:DatatypeProperty | owl:Thing | |
gold:precedes | owl:ObjectProperty | This relation holds between two linguistic units and represents the notion of precedence in a language. That is, (precedes A B) means that A comes before B in the linearization of the realization of linguistic signs. This inverse of this relation is 'follows'. | owl:Thing |
gold:predicate | owl:ObjectProperty | The predicate is the relation between the Clause and a portion of a clause, excluding the subject, that expresses something about the subject [Crystal 1980, 280; Hartmann and Stork 1972, 182; Pei and Gaynor 1954, 173; Pike and Pike 1982, 40; Crystal 1985, 241-242]. | gold:Clause |
gold:prefix | owl:ObjectProperty | The relation between a morphological unit and the lexical unit to which it is attached. The LexicalUnit is usually a Root or Stem. The inverse of prefix is suffix [Crystal 1980, 281; Hartmann and Stork 1972, 182]. | owl:Thing |
gold:rhyme | owl:ObjectProperty | The core of a syllable, consisting of a nucleus and coda. | owl:Thing |
gold:semanticRole | owl:ObjectProperty | owl:Thing | |
gold:specifier | owl:ObjectProperty | owl:Thing | |
gold:subject | owl:ObjectProperty | owl:Thing | |
gold:suffix | owl:ObjectProperty | The relation between a morphological unit and the lexical unit to which it is attached. The LexicalUnit is usually a Root or Stem. The inverse of suffix is 'prefix' [Crystal 1980, 340; Hartmann and Stork 1972, 226]. | owl:Thing |
gold:synonym | owl:ObjectProperty | synonym | owl:Thing |
gold:syntacticRole | owl:ObjectProperty | A general category subsuming relations relevant at the level of the Clause, such as predicate and subject. A grammatical relation is a role of a phrase or complement clause that determines syntactic behaviors such as the following: word position in a clause; verb agreement; participation and behavior in such operations as passivization [Comrie 1989, 65-66; Andrews 1985, 66]. | owl:Thing |
gold:translation | owl:ObjectProperty | The relation between an orthographic expression in one language and some orthographic expression in another such that both expressions have the same or roughly the same meaning. | owl:Thing |
@prefix gold: <http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/> .
@prefix owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> .
@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
@prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .
gold:PerfectTense a owl:Class ;
rdfs:label "PerfectTense"@eng ;
rdfs:comment """A value of Tense Feature assigned to the designated element in the clause when the meaning selected for the clause is that intended to locate the event spoken about as anterior, simultaneous, or posterior to the deictic centre of the utterance, and additionally the reference point from which this event is viewed is separated and moved away from the event time. This alters the viewing of the temporal location of the event even though the event's actual location with respect to the deictic centre remains the same. 'Perfect' temporal relations contrast with 'simple' temporal relations in which the reference point coincides with the location of the event spoken about. Modelling of this distinction originates from [Reichenbach 1947].
There are two types of 'perfect' context which may lead to separate tense values:
(1) The first type occurs when the reference point is moved away from the event time and instead located after the event time. A common example occurs with an anterior temporal relationship, when the reference point is moved from the event time to the moment of speech. The event time is anterior to the moment of speech, but it is viewed against a stretch of time which began at the event and continues up to the moment of speech --- e.g. the English I have read this book, I have seen John --- hence the interpretation that the event has an effect or is in some way still relevant at the moment of speech. [Note that in some languages (e.g. English) this tense meaning is labelled as (one of the uses of the) Present Perfect, in others (e.g. Polish) this meaning may be collapsed with the 'simple' anterior meaning and labelled simply as Past.] The interpretation of this type of the perfect often includes at least two related but distinguishable uses: the resultative perfect (Someone has stolen my purse) and the experiential perfect (I have read this book before) [Dahl and Velupillai 2005: 271].
(2) The second type occurs when the reference point is moved away from the event time and instead located before the event time. A common example occurs with a simultaneous temporal relationship, when the reference point is moved from the event time and located before the moment of speech. The event time is still simultaneous with the moment of speech, but it is viewed against a stretch of time which began at the reference point and continues up to the moment of speech --- e.g. the English I have lived here [for ten years] --- hence the interpretation that the event which began in the past extends up to the moment of speech. [Note that in some languages (e.g. English) this tense meaning is labelled as (one of the uses of the) Present Perfect, in others (e.g. Polish) this meaning may be collapsed with the 'simple' simultaneous meaning and labelled simply as Present.] The interpretation of this type of the perfect is often referred to as the universal perfect or perfect of persistent situation.
Typically, for a tense value to be labelled as Perfect Tense, the tense meaning has to minimally express the meaning resulting from the separation of the reference point from the event time, although it may additionally express other temporal, aspectual, or modal meanings. [Kibort 2008c: 5-6]
"""@eng ;
rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://purl.org/linguistics/gold"^^xsd:anyURI ;
rdfs:subClassOf gold:TenseProperty .