http://www.cidoc-crm.org/cidoc-crm/E77_Persistent_Item
Scope note:
This class comprises items that have a persistent identity, sometimes known as "endurants" in philosophy.
They can be repeatedly recognized within the duration of their existence by identity criteria rather than by continuity or observation. Persistent Items can be either physical entities, such as people, animals or things, or conceptual entities such as ideas, concepts, products of the imagination or common names.
The criteria that determine the identity of an item are often difficult to establish -; the decision depends largely on the judgement of the observer. For example, a building is regarded as no longer existing if it is dismantled and the materials reused in a different configuration. On the other hand, human beings go through radical and profound changes during their life-span, affecting both material composition and form, yet preserve their identity by other criteria. Similarly, inanimate objects may be subject to exchange of parts and matter. The class E77 Persistent Item does not take any position about the nature of the applicable identity criteria and if actual knowledge about identity of an instance of this class exists. There may be cases, where the identity of an E77 Persistent Item is not decidable by a certain state of knowledge.
The main classes of objects that fall outside the scope the E77 Persistent Item class are temporal objects such as periods, events and acts, and descriptive properties.
Examples:
- Leonardo da Vinci
- Stonehenge
- the hole in the ozone layer
- the First Law of Thermodynamics
- the Bermuda Triangle
In First Order Logic:
E77(x) ⊃ E1(x)
Instances of crm:E77_Persistent_Item can have the following properties:
| PROPERTY | TYPE | DESCRIPTION | RANGE |
|---|---|---|---|
| From class crm:E77_Persistent_Item | |||
| crm:P123i_resulted_from | owl:ObjectProperty | crm:E81_Transformation | |
| crm:P124i_was_transformed_by | owl:ObjectProperty | crm:E81_Transformation | |
| crm:P12i_was_present_at | owl:ObjectProperty | crm:E5_Event | |
| crm:P92i_was_brought_into_existence_by | owl:ObjectProperty | crm:E63_Beginning_of_Existence | |
| crm:P93i_was_taken_out_of_existence_by | owl:ObjectProperty | crm:E64_End_of_Existence | |
| From class crm:E1_CRM_Entity | |||
| crm:P3_has_note | owl:DatatypeProperty | Scope note: This property is a container for all informal descriptions about an object that have not been expressed in terms of CRM constructs. In particular it captures the characterisation of the item itself, its internal structures, appearance etc. Like property P2 has type (is type of), this property is a consequence of the restricted focus of the CRM. The aim is not to capture, in a structured form, everything that can be said about an item; indeed, the CRM formalism is not regarded as sufficient to express everything that can be said. Good practice requires use of distinct note fields for different aspects of a characterisation. The P3.1 has type property of P3 has note allows differentiation of specific notes, e.g. "construction", "decoration" etc. An item may have many notes, but a note is attached to a specific item. Examples: - coffee mug - OXCMS:1983.1.1 (E19) has note "chipped at edge of handle" (E62) has type Condition (E55) In First Order Logic: P3(x,y) ⊃ E1(x) P3(x,y) ⊃ E62(y) P3(x,y,z) ⊃ [P3(x,y) ∧ E55(z)] Properties: P3.1 has type: E55 Type | owl:Thing |
| crm:P129i_is_subject_of | owl:ObjectProperty | crm:E89_Propositional_Object | |
| crm:P136i_supported_type_creation | owl:ObjectProperty | crm:E83_Type_Creation | |
| crm:P137_exemplifies | owl:ObjectProperty | Scope note: This property allows an item to be declared as a particular example of an E55 Type or taxon The P137.1 in the taxonomic role property of P137 exemplifies (is exemplified by) allows differentiation of taxonomic roles. The taxonomic role renders the specific relationship of this example to the Type, such as "prototypical", "archetypical", "lectotype", etc. The taxonomic role "lectotype" is not associated with the Type Creation (E83) itself, but selected in a later phase. Examples: - Object BM000098044 of the Clayton Herbarium (E20) exemplifies Spigelia marilandica (L.) L. (E55) in the taxonomic role lectotype In First Order Logic: P137(x,y) ⊃ E1(x) P137(x,y) ⊃ E55(y) P137(x,y,z) ⊃ [P137(x,y) ∧ E55(z)] P137(x,y) ⊃ P2(x,y) Properties: P137.1 in the taxonomic role: E55 Type | crm:E55_Type |
| crm:P138i_has_representation | owl:ObjectProperty | crm:E36_Visual_Item | |
| crm:P140i_was_attributed_by | owl:ObjectProperty | crm:E13_Attribute_Assignment | |
| crm:P141i_was_assigned_by | owl:ObjectProperty | crm:E13_Attribute_Assignment | |
| crm:P15i_influenced | owl:ObjectProperty | crm:E7_Activity | |
| crm:P17i_motivated | owl:ObjectProperty | crm:E7_Activity | |
| crm:P1_is_identified_by | owl:ObjectProperty | Scope note: This property describes the naming or identification of any real world item by a name or any other identifier. This property is intended for identifiers in general use, which form part of the world the model intends to describe, and not merely for internal database identifiers which are specific to a technical system, unless these latter also have a more general use outside the technical context. This property includes in particular identification by mathematical expressions such as coordinate systems used for the identification of instances of E53 Place. The property does not reveal anything about when, where and by whom this identifier was used. A more detailed representation can be made using the fully developed (i.e. indirect) path through E15 Identifier Assignment. Examples: - the capital of Italy (E53) is identified by "Rome" (E48) - text 25014-32 (E33) is identified by "The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire" (E35) In First Order Logic: P1(x,y) ⊃ E1(x) P1(x,y) ⊃ E41(y) | crm:E41_Appellation |
| crm:P2_has_type | owl:ObjectProperty | Scope note: This property allows sub typing of CRM entities - a form of specialisation – through the use of a terminological hierarchy, or thesaurus. The CRM is intended to focus on the high-level entities and relationships needed to describe data structures. Consequently, it does not specialise entities any further than is required for this immediate purpose. However, entities in the isA hierarchy of the CRM may by specialised into any number of sub entities, which can be defined in the E55 Type hierarchy. E51 Contact Point, for example, may be specialised into "e-mail address", "telephone number", "post office box", "URL" etc. none of which figures explicitly in the CRM hierarchy. Sub typing obviously requires consistency between the meaning of the terms assigned and the more general intent of the CRM entity in question. Examples: - "enquiries@cidoc-crm.org" (E51) has type e-mail address (E55) In First Order Logic: P2(x,y) ⊃ E1(x) P2(x,y) ⊃ E55(y) | crm:E55_Type |
| crm:P39i_was_measured_by | owl:ObjectProperty | crm:E16_Measurement | |
| crm:P41i_was_classified_by | owl:ObjectProperty | crm:E17_Type_Assignment | |
| crm:P62i_is_depicted_by | owl:ObjectProperty | crm:E24_Physical_Man-Made_Thing | |
| crm:P67i_is_referred_to_by | owl:ObjectProperty | crm:E89_Propositional_Object | |
| crm:P70i_is_documented_in | owl:ObjectProperty | crm:E31_Document | |
| crm:P71i_is_listed_in | owl:ObjectProperty | crm:E32_Authority_Document | |
| From class owl:Thing | |||
| crm:P14i_performed | owl:ObjectProperty | crm:E7_Activity | |
| crm:P165i_is_incorporated_in | owl:ObjectProperty | owl:Thing | |
| crm:P22i_acquired_title_through | owl:InverseFunctionalProperty | crm:E8_Acquisition | |
| crm:P23i_surrendered_title_through | owl:ObjectProperty | crm:E8_Acquisition | |
| crm:P28i_surrendered_custody_through | owl:ObjectProperty | crm:E10_Transfer_of_Custody | |
| crm:P29i_received_custody_through | owl:ObjectProperty | crm:E10_Transfer_of_Custody | |
| crm:P48_has_preferred_identifier | owl:ObjectProperty | Scope note: This property records the preferred E42 Identifier that was used to identify an instance of E1 CRM Entity at the time this property was recorded. More than one preferred identifier may have been assigned to an item over time. Use of this property requires an external mechanism for assigning temporal validity to the respective CRM instance. P48 has preferred identifier (is preferred identifier of), is a shortcut for the path from E1 CRM Entity through P140 assigned attribute to (was attributed by), E15 Identifier Assignment, P37 assigned (was assigned by) to E42 Identifier. The fact that an identifier is a preferred one for an organisation can be better expressed in a context independent form by assigning a suitable E55 Type to the respective instance of E15 Identifier Assignment using the P2 has type property. Examples: - the pair of Lederhosen donated by Dr Martin Doerr (E22) has preferred identifier "OXCMS:2001.1.32" (E42) In First Order Logic: P48(x,y) ⊃ E1(x) P48(x,y) ⊃ E42(y) P48(x,y) ⊃ P1(x,y) | crm:E42_Identifier |
| crm:P50i_is_current_keeper_of | owl:ObjectProperty | crm:E18_Physical_Thing | |
| crm:P52i_is_current_owner_of | owl:ObjectProperty | crm:E18_Physical_Thing | |
@prefix crm: <http://www.cidoc-crm.org/cidoc-crm/> .
@prefix ecrm: <http://erlangen-crm.org/current/> .
@prefix owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> .
@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
@prefix skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#> .
@prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .
crm:E77_Persistent_Item a owl:Class ;
rdfs:label "E77 Persistent Item"@en ;
rdfs:comment """Scope note:
This class comprises items that have a persistent identity, sometimes known as "endurants" in philosophy.
They can be repeatedly recognized within the duration of their existence by identity criteria rather than by continuity or observation. Persistent Items can be either physical entities, such as people, animals or things, or conceptual entities such as ideas, concepts, products of the imagination or common names.
The criteria that determine the identity of an item are often difficult to establish -; the decision depends largely on the judgement of the observer. For example, a building is regarded as no longer existing if it is dismantled and the materials reused in a different configuration. On the other hand, human beings go through radical and profound changes during their life-span, affecting both material composition and form, yet preserve their identity by other criteria. Similarly, inanimate objects may be subject to exchange of parts and matter. The class E77 Persistent Item does not take any position about the nature of the applicable identity criteria and if actual knowledge about identity of an instance of this class exists. There may be cases, where the identity of an E77 Persistent Item is not decidable by a certain state of knowledge.
The main classes of objects that fall outside the scope the E77 Persistent Item class are temporal objects such as periods, events and acts, and descriptive properties.
Examples:
- Leonardo da Vinci
- Stonehenge
- the hole in the ozone layer
- the First Law of Thermodynamics
- the Bermuda Triangle
In First Order Logic:
E77(x) ⊃ E1(x)"""@en ;
rdfs:subClassOf crm:E1_CRM_Entity ;
owl:equivalentClass ecrm:E77_Persistent_Item ;
skos:notation "E77"^^xsd:string .