crm:E4_Period

@prefix crm: <http://www.cidoc-crm.org/cidoc-crm/> .
@prefix ecrm: <http://erlangen-crm.org/current/> .
@prefix owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> .
@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
@prefix skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#> .
@prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .

crm:E4_Period a owl:Class ;
    rdfs:label "E4 Period"@en ;
    rdfs:comment """Scope note:
This class comprises sets of coherent phenomena or cultural manifestations occurring in time and
space.
It is the social or physical coherence of these phenomena that identify an E4 Period and not the
associated spatiotemporal extent. This extent is only the “ground” or space in an abstract physical sense
that the actual process of growth, spread and retreat has covered. Consequently, different periods can
overlap and coexist in time and space, such as when a nomadic culture exists in the same area and time
as a sedentary culture. This also means that overlapping land use rights, common among first nations,
amounts to overlapping periods.
Often, this class is used to describe prehistoric or historic periods such as the “Neolithic Period”, the
“Ming Dynasty” or the “McCarthy Era”, but also geopolitical units and activities of settlements are
regarded as special cases of E4 Period. However, there are no assumptions about the scale of the
associated phenomena. In particular all events are seen as synthetic processes consisting of coherent
phenomena. Therefore E4 Period is a superclass of E5 Event. For example, a modern clinical E67 Birth
can be seen as both an atomic E5 Event and as an E4 Period that consists of multiple activities
performed by multiple instances of E39 Actor.
As the actual extent of an E4 Period in spacetime we regard the trajectories of the participating physical
things during their participation in an instance of E4 Period. This includes the open spaces via which
these things have interacted and the spaces by which they had the potential to interact during that
period or event in the way defined by the type of the respective period or event. Examples include the
air in a meeting room transferring the voices of the participants. Since these phenomena are fuzzy, we 
assume the spatiotemporal extent to be contiguous, except for cases of phenomena spreading out over
islands or other separated areas, including geopolitical units distributed over disconnected areas such as
islands or colonies.
Whether the trajectories necessary for participants to travel between these areas are regarded as part of
the spatiotemporal extent or not has to be decided in each case based on a concrete analysis, taking use
of the sea for other purposes than travel, such as fishing, into consideration. One may also argue that
the activities to govern disconnected areas imply travelling through spaces connecting them and that
these areas hence are spatially connected in a way, but it appears counterintuitive to consider for
instance travel routes in international waters as extensions of geopolitical units.
Consequently, an instance of E4 Period may occupy a number of disjoint spacetime volumes, however
there must not be a discontinuity in the timespan covered by these spacetime volumes. This means that
an instance of E4 Period must be contiguous in time. If it has ended in all areas, it has ended as a
whole. However it may end in one area before another, such as in the Polynesian migration, and it
continues as long as it is ongoing in at least one area.
We model E4 Period as a subclass of E2 Temporal Entity and of E92 Spacetime volume. The latter is
intended as a phenomenal spacetime volume as defined in CRMgeo (Doerr and Hiebel 2013). By virtue
of this multiple inheritance we can discuss the physical extent of an E4 Period without representing
each instance of it together with an instance of its associated spacetime volume. This model combines
two quite different kinds of substance: an instance of E4 Period is a phenomena while a spacetime
volume is an aggregation of points in spacetime. However, the real spatiotemporal extent of an instance
of E4 Period is regarded to be unique to it due to all its details and fuzziness; its identity and existence
depends uniquely on the identity of the instance of E4 Period. Therefore this multiple inheritance is
unambiguous and effective and furthermore corresponds to the intuitions of natural language.
There are two different conceptualisations of ‘artistic style’, defined either by physical features or by
historical context. For example, “Impressionism” can be viewed as a period lasting from approximately
1870 to 1905 during which paintings with particular characteristics were produced by a group of artists
that included (among others) Monet, Renoir, Pissarro, Sisley and Degas. Alternatively, it can be
regarded as a style applicable to all paintings sharing the characteristics of the works produced by the
Impressionist painters, regardless of historical context. The first interpretation is an instance of E4
Period, and the second defines morphological object types that fall under E55 Type.
Another specific case of an E4 Period is the set of activities and phenomena associated with a
settlement, such as the populated period of Nineveh.

Examples:
- Jurassic
- European Bronze Age
- Italian Renaissance
- Thirty Years War
- Sturm und Drang
- Cubism

In First Order Logic:
E4(x) ⊃ E2(x)
E4(x) ⊃ E92(x)"""@en ;
    rdfs:subClassOf [ a owl:Restriction ;
            owl:onProperty crm:P7_took_place_at ;
            owl:someValuesFrom crm:E53_Place ],
        crm:E2_Temporal_Entity,
        crm:E92_Spacetime_Volume ;
    owl:equivalentClass ecrm:E4_Period ;
    skos:notation "E4"^^xsd:string .