http://purl.org/spar/cito/CitationAct
A citation act is a performative act of making a citation from a citing entity to a cited entity, typically instantiated by the inclusion of a bibliographic reference or a data reference in the reference list of the citing entity.
This CiTO class and its accompanying object properties cito:hasCitingEntity, cito:hasCitationCharacterization and cito:hasCitedEntity can be employed to reify direct citation act statements made using the CiTO citation object property cito:cites or one of its sub-properties. For example, the following RDF statement:
:paperA cito:extends :paperB .
can be alternatively described as follows:
:thisCitation a cito:CitationAct ;
cito:hasCitingEntity :paperA ;
cito:hasCitationCharacterization cito:extends ;
cito:hasCitedEntity :paperB .
This usage involved OWL2 punning, whenby a CiTO object property, such as the aforementioned cito:extends, is used as the object of the OWL assertion
:thisCitation cito:hasCitationCharacterization cito:extends .
Using such OWL2 punning (described at http://www.w3.org/TR/2009/WD-owl2-new-features-20090611/#F12:_Punning), the CiTO object property is considered as a proper named individual of the class owl:Thing.
Such reification of citation acts can be very useful, since it permits one to combine these CiTO properties with other vocabularies, or to handle situations in which none of the citation characterizations available in CiTO are applicable. Such situations can be resolved by the creation of a user-defined citation characterization, for example by using the Open Annotation Data Model, as explained at http://semanticpublishing.wordpress.com/2013/07/03/extending-cito-for-open-annotations/.
Instances of :CitationAct can have the following properties:
| PROPERTY | TYPE | DESCRIPTION | RANGE |
|---|---|---|---|
| From class owl:Thing | |||
| :agreesWith | owl:ObjectProperty | The citing entity agrees with statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity. | owl:Thing |
| :cites | owl:ObjectProperty | The citing entity cites the cited entity, either directly and explicitly (as in the reference list of a journal article), indirectly (e.g. by citing a more recent paper by the same group on the same topic), or implicitly (e.g. as in artistic quotations or parodies, or in cases of plagiarism). | owl:Thing |
| :citesAsAuthority | owl:ObjectProperty | The citing entity cites the cited entity as one that provides an authoritative description or definition of the subject under discussion. | owl:Thing |
| :citesAsDataSource | owl:ObjectProperty | The citing entity cites the cited entity as source of data. | owl:Thing |
| :citesAsEvidence | owl:ObjectProperty | The citing entity cites the cited entity as source of factual evidence for statements it contains. | owl:Thing |
| :citesAsMetadataDocument | owl:ObjectProperty | The citing entity cites the cited entity as being the container of metadata describing the citing entity. | owl:Thing |
| :citesAsPotentialSolution | owl:ObjectProperty | The citing entity cites the cited entity as providing or containing a possible solution to the issues being discussed. | owl:Thing |
| :citesAsRecommendedReading | owl:ObjectProperty | The citing entity cites the cited entity as an item of recommended reading. This property can be used, for example, to describe references in a lecture reading list, where the cited references are relevant to the general topic of the lecture, but might not be individually cited within the text of the lecture. Similarly, it could be used to describe items in a 'Suggested further reading' list at the end of a book chapter. | owl:Thing |
| :citesAsRelated | owl:ObjectProperty | The citing entity cites the cited entity as one that is related. | owl:Thing |
| :citesAsSourceDocument | owl:ObjectProperty | The citing entity cites the cited entity as being the entity from which the citing entity is derived, or about which the citing entity contains metadata. | owl:Thing |
| :citesForInformation | owl:ObjectProperty | The citing entity cites the cited entity as a source of information on the subject under discussion. | owl:Thing |
| :compiles | owl:ObjectProperty | The citing entity is used to create or compile the cited entity. | owl:Thing |
| :confirms | owl:ObjectProperty | The citing entity confirms facts, ideas or statements presented in the cited entity. | owl:Thing |
| :containsAssertionFrom | owl:ObjectProperty | The citing entity contains a statement of fact or a logical assertion (or a collection of such facts and/or assertions) originally present in the cited entity. This object property is designed to be used to relate a separate abstract, summary or nanopublication to the cited entity upon which it is based. | owl:Thing |
| :corrects | owl:ObjectProperty | The citing entity corrects statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity. | owl:Thing |
| :credits | owl:ObjectProperty | The citing entity acknowledges contributions made by the cited entity. | owl:Thing |
| :critiques | owl:ObjectProperty | The citing entity critiques statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity. | owl:Thing |
| :derides | owl:ObjectProperty | The citing entity express derision for the cited entity, or for ideas or conclusions contained within it. | owl:Thing |
| :describes | owl:ObjectProperty | The citing entity describes the cited entity. | owl:Thing |
| :disagreesWith | owl:ObjectProperty | The citing entity disagrees with statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity. | owl:Thing |
| :discusses | owl:ObjectProperty | The citing entity discusses statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity. | owl:Thing |
| :disputes | owl:ObjectProperty | The citing entity disputes statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity. | owl:Thing |
| :documents | owl:ObjectProperty | The citing entity documents information about the cited entity. | owl:Thing |
| :extends | owl:ObjectProperty | The citing entity extends facts, ideas or understandings presented in the cited entity. | owl:Thing |
| :givesBackgroundTo | owl:ObjectProperty | The cited entity provides background information for the citing entity. | owl:Thing |
| :givesSupportTo | owl:ObjectProperty | The cited entity provides intellectual or factual support for the citing entity. | owl:Thing |
| :hasCitationCharacterization | owl:ObjectProperty | A property that links a cito:CitationAct to its characterization made by using a CiTO citation characterization property such as cito:extends. This usage involved OWL2 punning, whenby a CiTO object property, such as the aforementioned cito:extends, is used as the object of an OWL assertion: :thisCitation cito:hasCitationCharacterization cito:extends . In such cases of OWL punning, the CiTO object properties are simultaneously considered both as normal object properties and also as proper named individuals of the class owl:Thing. | owl:Thing |
| :hasCitedEntity | owl:ObjectProperty | A property that relates a citation act to the entity that is the target of that citation. | owl:Thing |
| :hasCitingEntity | owl:ObjectProperty | The citation act relates to the entity containing that citation. | owl:Thing |
| :hasReplyFrom | owl:ObjectProperty | The cited entity evokes a reply from the citing entity. | owl:Thing |
| :includesExcerptFrom | owl:ObjectProperty | The citing entity includes one or more excerpts from the cited entity. | owl:Thing |
| :includesQuotationFrom | owl:ObjectProperty | The citing entity includes one or more quotations from the cited entity. | owl:Thing |
| :isAgreedWithBy | owl:ObjectProperty | The cited entity contains statements, ideas or conclusions with which the citing entity agrees. | owl:Thing |
| :isCitedAsAuthorityBy | owl:ObjectProperty | The cited entity is cited as providing an authoritative description or definition of the subject under discussion in the citing entity. | owl:Thing |
| :isCitedAsDataSourceBy | owl:ObjectProperty | The cited entity is cited as a data source by the citing entity. | owl:Thing |
| :isCitedAsEvidenceBy | owl:ObjectProperty | The cited entity is cited for providing factual evidence to the citing entity. | owl:Thing |
| :isCitedAsMetadataDocumentBy | owl:ObjectProperty | The cited entity is cited as being the container of metadata relating to the citing entity. | owl:Thing |
| :isCitedAsPontentialSolutionBy | owl:ObjectProperty | The cited entity is cited as providing or containing a possible solution to the issues being discussed in the citing entity. | owl:Thing |
| :isCitedAsRecommendedReading | owl:ObjectProperty | The cited entity is cited by the citing entity as an item of recommended reading. This property can be used, for example, to describe references in a lecture reading list, where the cited references are relevant to the general topic of the lecture, but might not be individually cited within the text of the lecture. Similarly, it could be used to describe items in a 'Suggested further reading' list at the end of a book chapter. | owl:Thing |
| :isCitedAsRelatedBy | owl:ObjectProperty | The cited entity is cited as being related to the citing entity. | owl:Thing |
| :isCitedAsSourceDocumentBy | owl:ObjectProperty | The cited entity is cited as being the entity from which the citing entity is derived, or about which the citing entity contains metadata. | owl:Thing |
| :isCitedBy | owl:ObjectProperty | The cited entity (the subject of the RDF triple) is cited by the citing entity (the object of the triple). | owl:Thing |
| :isCitedForInformationBy | owl:ObjectProperty | The cited entity is cited as a source of information on the subject under discussion in the citing entity. | owl:Thing |
| :isCompiledBy | owl:ObjectProperty | The cited entity is the result of a compile or creation event using the citing entity. | owl:Thing |
| :isConfirmedBy | owl:ObjectProperty | The cited entity presents facts, ideas or statements that are confirmed by the citing entity. | owl:Thing |
| :isCorrectedBy | owl:ObjectProperty | The cited entity presents statements, ideas or conclusions that are corrected by the citing entity. | owl:Thing |
| :isCreditedBy | owl:ObjectProperty | The cited entity makes contributions that are acknowledged by the citing entity. | owl:Thing |
| :isCritiquedBy | owl:ObjectProperty | The cited entity presents statements, ideas or conclusions that are critiqued by the citing entity. | owl:Thing |
| :isDeridedBy | owl:ObjectProperty | The cited entity contains ideas or conclusions for which the citing entity express derision. | owl:Thing |
| :isDescribedBy | owl:ObjectProperty | The cited entity is described by the citing entity. | owl:Thing |
| :isDisagreedWithBy | owl:ObjectProperty | The cited entity presents statements, ideas or conclusions that are disagreed with by the citing entity. | owl:Thing |
| :isDiscussedBy | owl:ObjectProperty | The cited entity presents statements, ideas or conclusions that are discussed by the citing entity. | owl:Thing |
| :isDisputedBy | owl:ObjectProperty | The cited entity presents statements, ideas or conclusions that are disputed by the citing entity. | owl:Thing |
| :isDocumentedBy | owl:ObjectProperty | Information about the cited entity is documented by the citing entity. | owl:Thing |
| :isExtendedBy | owl:ObjectProperty | The cited entity presents facts, ideas or understandings that are extended by the citing entity. | owl:Thing |
| :isParodiedBy | owl:ObjectProperty | The characteristic style or content of the cited entity is imitated by the citing entity for comic effect, usually without explicit citation. | owl:Thing |
| :isPlagiarizedBy | owl:ObjectProperty | The cited entity is plagiarized by the author of the citing entity, who includes within the citing entity textual or other elements from the cited entity without formal acknowledgement of their source. The cited entity is thus not explicitly cited from within the citing entity, according to the norms of scholarly practice, but is cited implicitly. | owl:Thing |
| :isQualifiedBy | owl:ObjectProperty | The cited entity presents statements, ideas or conclusions that are qualified or have conditions placed upon them by the citing entity. | owl:Thing |
| :isRefutedBy | owl:ObjectProperty | The cited entity presents statements, ideas or conclusions that are refuted by the citing entity. | owl:Thing |
| :isRetractedBy | owl:ObjectProperty | The cited entity is formally retracted by the citing entity. | owl:Thing |
| :isReviewedBy | owl:ObjectProperty | The cited entity presents statements, ideas or conclusions that are reviewed by the citing entity. | owl:Thing |
| :isRidiculedBy | owl:ObjectProperty | The cited entity or aspects of its contents are ridiculed by the citing entity. | owl:Thing |
| :isSpeculatedOnBy | owl:ObjectProperty | The cited entity is cited because the citing article contains speculations on its content or ideas. | owl:Thing |
| :isSupportedBy | owl:ObjectProperty | The cited entity receives intellectual or factual support from the citing entity. | owl:Thing |
| :isUpdatedBy | owl:ObjectProperty | The cited entity presents statements, ideas, hypotheses or understanding that are updated by the cited entity. | owl:Thing |
| :likes | owl:ObjectProperty | A property that permits you to express appreciation of or interest in something that is the object of the RDF triple, or to express that it is worth thinking about even if you do not agree with its content, enabling social media 'likes' statements to be encoded in RDF. Use of this property does NOT imply the existence of a formal citation of the entity that is 'liked'. | owl:Thing |
| :obtainsBackgroundFrom | owl:ObjectProperty | The citing entity obtains background information from the cited entity. | owl:Thing |
| :obtainsSupportFrom | owl:ObjectProperty | The citing entity obtains intellectual or factual support from the cited entity. | owl:Thing |
| :parodies | owl:ObjectProperty | The citing entity imitates the characteristic style or content of the cited entity for comic effect, usually without explicit citation. | owl:Thing |
| :plagiarizes | owl:ObjectProperty | A property indicating that the author of the citing entity plagiarizes the cited entity, by including textual or other elements from the cited entity without formal acknowledgement of their source. The citing entity thus contains no explicit citation of the cited entity, according to the norms of scholarly practice, but cites it implicitly. | owl:Thing |
| :providesAssertionFor | owl:ObjectProperty | The cited entity contains and is the original source of a statement of fact or a logical assertion (or a collection of such facts and/or assertions) that is to be found in the citing entity. This inverse object property is designed to be used to relate a cited entity to a separate abstract, summary or nanopublication based upon it. | owl:Thing |
| :providesConclusionsFor | owl:ObjectProperty | The cited entity presents conclusions that are used in work described in the citing entity. | owl:Thing |
| :providesDataFor | owl:ObjectProperty | The cited entity presents data that are used in work described in the citing entity. | owl:Thing |
| :providesExcerptFor | owl:ObjectProperty | The cited entity contains information, usually of a textual nature, that is excerpted by (used as an excerpt within) the citing entity. | owl:Thing |
| :providesMethodFor | owl:ObjectProperty | The cited entity details a method that is used in work described by the citing entity. | owl:Thing |
| :providesQuotationFor | owl:ObjectProperty | The cited entity contains information, usually of a textual nature, that is quoted by (used as a quotation within) the citing entity. | owl:Thing |
| :qualifies | owl:ObjectProperty | The citing entity qualifies or places conditions or restrictions upon statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity. | owl:Thing |
| :refutes | owl:ObjectProperty | The citing entity refutes statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity. | owl:Thing |
| :repliesTo | owl:ObjectProperty | The citing entity replies to statements, ideas or criticisms presented in the cited entity. | owl:Thing |
| :retracts | owl:ObjectProperty | The citing entity constitutes a formal retraction of the cited entity. | owl:Thing |
| :reviews | owl:ObjectProperty | The citing entity reviews statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity. | owl:Thing |
| :ridicules | owl:ObjectProperty | The citing entity ridicules the cited entity or aspects of its contents. | owl:Thing |
| :sharesAuthorInstitutionWith | owl:ObjectProperty | Each entity has at least one author that shares a common institutional affiliation with an author of the other entity. | owl:Thing |
| :sharesAuthorsWith | owl:ObjectProperty | Each entity has at least one author in common with the other entity. | owl:Thing |
| :sharesFundingAgencyWith | owl:ObjectProperty | The two entities result from activities that have been funded by the same funding agency. | owl:Thing |
| :speculatesOn | owl:ObjectProperty | The citing entity speculates on something within or related to the cited entity, without firm evidence. | owl:Thing |
| :supports | owl:ObjectProperty | The citing entity provides intellectual or factual support for statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity. | owl:Thing |
| :updates | owl:ObjectProperty | The citing entity updates statements, ideas, hypotheses or understanding presented in the cited entity. | owl:Thing |
| :usesConclusionsFrom | owl:ObjectProperty | The citing entity describes work that uses conclusions presented in the cited entity. | owl:Thing |
| :usesDataFrom | owl:ObjectProperty | The citing entity describes work that uses data presented in the cited entity. | owl:Thing |
| :usesMethodIn | owl:ObjectProperty | The citing entity describes work that uses a method detailed in the cited entity. | owl:Thing |
| dc:contributor | owl:AnnotationProperty | owl:Thing | |
| dc:creator | owl:AnnotationProperty | owl:Thing | |
| dc:date | owl:AnnotationProperty | owl:Thing | |
| dc:description | owl:AnnotationProperty | owl:Thing | |
| dc:rights | owl:AnnotationProperty | owl:Thing | |
| dc:title | owl:AnnotationProperty | owl:Thing | |
| discourse-relationships:refersTo | owl:ObjectProperty | owl:Thing | |
| owl:priorVersion | owl:AnnotationProperty | owl:Thing | |
| owl:topObjectProperty | owl:ObjectProperty | owl:Thing | |
| owl:versionInfo | owl:AnnotationProperty | owl:Thing | |
| rdfs:comment | owl:AnnotationProperty | owl:Thing | |
| rdfs:label | owl:AnnotationProperty | owl:Thing | |
@prefix : <http://purl.org/spar/cito/> .
@prefix owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> .
@prefix rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> .
@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
@prefix sit: <http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/cp/owl/situation.owl#> .
@prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .
:CitationAct a owl:Class ;
rdfs:label "citation act"@en ;
rdfs:comment """A citation act is a performative act of making a citation from a citing entity to a cited entity, typically instantiated by the inclusion of a bibliographic reference or a data reference in the reference list of the citing entity.
This CiTO class and its accompanying object properties cito:hasCitingEntity, cito:hasCitationCharacterization and cito:hasCitedEntity can be employed to reify direct citation act statements made using the CiTO citation object property cito:cites or one of its sub-properties. For example, the following RDF statement:
:paperA cito:extends :paperB .
can be alternatively described as follows:
:thisCitation a cito:CitationAct ;
cito:hasCitingEntity :paperA ;
cito:hasCitationCharacterization cito:extends ;
cito:hasCitedEntity :paperB .
This usage involved OWL2 punning, whenby a CiTO object property, such as the aforementioned cito:extends, is used as the object of the OWL assertion
:thisCitation cito:hasCitationCharacterization cito:extends .
Using such OWL2 punning (described at http://www.w3.org/TR/2009/WD-owl2-new-features-20090611/#F12:_Punning), the CiTO object property is considered as a proper named individual of the class owl:Thing.
Such reification of citation acts can be very useful, since it permits one to combine these CiTO properties with other vocabularies, or to handle situations in which none of the citation characterizations available in CiTO are applicable. Such situations can be resolved by the creation of a user-defined citation characterization, for example by using the Open Annotation Data Model, as explained at http://semanticpublishing.wordpress.com/2013/07/03/extending-cito-for-open-annotations/.
"""@en ;
owl:equivalentClass [ a owl:Class ;
owl:intersectionOf ( sit:Situation [ a owl:Restriction ;
owl:cardinality "1"^^xsd:nonNegativeInteger ;
owl:onProperty :hasCitationCharacterization ] [ a owl:Restriction ;
owl:cardinality "1"^^xsd:nonNegativeInteger ;
owl:onProperty :hasCitedEntity ] [ a owl:Restriction ;
owl:cardinality "1"^^xsd:nonNegativeInteger ;
owl:onProperty :hasCitingEntity ] ) ] .